{"id":9932,"date":"2021-10-21T11:21:16","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T09:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/uncategorized\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\/"},"modified":"2024-02-20T12:43:10","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T11:43:10","slug":"heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/en\/dissemination\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Heisenberg cubes, master key to nuclear forensic analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"rn-icon-panel__wrap\" style=\"display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;\"><a class=\"rn-icon-panel descargar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Art.Cubos_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" style=\"--rn-bg:#8baf31;--rn-color:#ffffff;--rn-border:0px solid;--rn-shadow:0px 0px 0px;--rn-rounded:12px;--rn-padding:14px;--rn-gap:10px;--rn-icon-size:30px;\"><span class=\"rn-icon-panel__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img src=\"https:\/\/revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/click.png\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/span><span class=\"rn-icon-panel__text\">SEE FULL VERSION<\/span><\/a><br><\/div><span class=\"su-dropcap su-dropcap-style-simple\" style=\"font-size:2.5em\">T<\/span>he nuclear era began with the discovery of nuclear fission shortly before World War II. The first research program was developed in Germany and was aimed at military applications of nuclear fission. However, it was there that the possibility of building a natural uranium reactor moderated by heavy water was assessed for the first time in history. The parts of these early reactors, of which only a few are located, are used in the development of modern nuclear forensic analysis techniques.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Nuclear German program was led by several groups of scientists including Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg team, but never achieved its goals. Fortunately, after five years of research, the program never succeeded in achieving a chain reaction.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Part of its failure was due to the rivalry between the different groups of researchers to obtain the raw materials with which to build their corresponding experimental reactors. Those reactors were very different from the conventional experimental piles formed by a stack of blocks of uranium metal interspersed with other blocks of graphite that act as a moderator. They were formed by cubes of 5 cm on each side and weighing approximately two and a half kilograms that hung from cables and were immersed in a tank of heavy water.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9920\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9920\" style=\"width: 283px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9920\" src=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch.jpg 448w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch-293x523.jpg 293w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9920\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9920\" src=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"283\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch.jpg 448w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Hagerloch-293x523.jpg 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a> Reproduction of the B-VIII reactor in the Haigerloch museum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">Today they are popularly known as &#8220;Heisenberg cubes&#8221;, but there were actually two groups of researchers who used this technique: Diebner&#8217;s team and Heisenberg&#8217;s team.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The cubes of both projects, of which it is believed that there must have been about 1200 units, have some differentiating characteristics related to the origin of the uranium used in their manufacture and the coating used to prevent corrosion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">At the end of World War II, the Allied army dismantled the Heisenberg reactor (B-VIII) located in the city of Heigerloch and more than 600 cubes were sent to the United States where they were used in the Manhattan project, although some belong to institutions or collectors. The final destination of rest of the cubes, including Diebner&#8217;s, it is not known.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Last August researchers from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) presented at an American Chemical Society conference the development of a technique called Uranium Radiochronometry. This technique, considered to be the nuclear version of the technique geologists use to determine the age of samples based on radioactive isotope content, will allow the pedigree of several cubes belonging to PNNL and the University of Maryland to be identified.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9922\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9922\" style=\"width: 444px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-9922\" src=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-770x596.jpg 770w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-500x387.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-293x227.jpg 293w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9922\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9922\" src=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-770x596.jpg 770w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-500x387.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/German_Experimental_Pile-293x227.jpg 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a> <em>Allied soldiers dismantling the B-VIII reactor.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">The cubes, which are routinely used to train border security personnel in the detection of nuclear material, represent a great opportunity to test this science before applying it to actual nuclear forensics techniques. Future practical applications of these techniques are still to come, but for the time being they will shed light on the circumstances of one of the earliest chapters in nuclear history, the failed German research program of World War II.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>he nuclear era began with the discovery of nuclear fission shortly before World War II. The first research program was developed in Germany and was aimed at military applications of nuclear fission. However, it was there that the possibility of building a natural uranium reactor moderated by heavy water was assessed for the first time in history. The parts of these early reactors, of which only a few are located, are used in the development of modern nuclear forensic analysis [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1260,"featured_media":9919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[78],"tags":[2211,91,2210,93],"coauthors":[2212],"class_list":["post-9932","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dissemination","tag-history","tag-nuclear-en","tag-research","tag-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Heisenberg cubes, master key to nuclear forensic analysis -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/en\/dissemination\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Heisenberg cubes, master key to nuclear forensic analysis -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"he nuclear era began with the discovery of nuclear fission shortly before World War II. The first research program was developed in Germany and was aimed at military applications of nuclear fission. However, it was there that the possibility of building a natural uranium reactor moderated by heavy water was assessed for the first time in history. The parts of these early reactors, of which only a few are located, are used in the development of modern nuclear forensic analysis [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/en\/dissemination\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Revista Nuclear Espa\u00f1a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SNE.spain\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-21T09:21:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-02-20T11:43:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.revistanuclear.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/lagrandecubo.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1898\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1067\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Isabel de R\u00edo Luna\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Cliterata\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@SNEu235\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Isabel de R\u00edo Luna\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Isabel de R\u00edo Luna\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7e9f69d73f0b04a96e0f91caeeddc23c\"},\"headline\":\"Heisenberg cubes, master key to nuclear forensic analysis\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-21T09:21:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-02-20T11:43:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":566,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/lagrandecubo.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"history\",\"Nuclear\",\"research\",\"Science\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Dissemination\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/\",\"name\":\"Heisenberg cubes, master key to nuclear forensic analysis -\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/lagrandecubo.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-21T09:21:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-02-20T11:43:10+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/en\\\/dissemination\\\/heisenberg-cubes-master-key-to-nuclear-forensic-analysis\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/lagrandecubo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.revistanuclear.es\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/lagrandecubo.jpg\",\"width\":1898,\"height\":1067,\"caption\":\"\u00a9 John T. 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